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4.3.2 Ring Topology
In this design, network devices are connected in a ring or loop, and signals move
around the loop in one direction, passing through each device on the network. Each
device on the network acts as a signal repeater, strengthening and forwarding the
signal to the next device it encounters. One significant drawback is that if one device
fails, the entire network stops functioning. However, one of its main advantages is
improved network performance with a large number of devices.

4.3.3 Star Topology
The star design features a central connection point, typically a device like a Hub,
Switch, or Router. Each device is connected to the central point, and the star topology
is considered the most commonly used among various designs for the following
reasons:
• It allows devices to be separated or relocated without affecting the rest of the

network.
• Ease of error detection and troubleshooting.

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