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12 Network Protocols

The human and the computer share a similar characteristic, which is that both use a
complex language for communication. If two individuals speaking different
languages, for example, Arabic and Japanese, want to communicate, they need to use
a translator between them, or both can speak a third language like English. Similarly,
computers are not uniform in their manufacturing or operation methods; they
operate with different languages and operating systems. Therefore, standard
protocols have been developed to facilitate communication between devices,
regardless of their manufacturing methods, size, or operating systems.
In reality, there is a large number of network protocols, each playing a role in data
transfer between devices, as we will later explore. However, to facilitate the
development of these protocols, an agreement was reached on a standard model
that divides the required functions for connecting devices. One of the most famous
of these models is the TCP/IP Model or the Internet model, where the Internet and
local networks in homes and businesses rely on this model for their operation. The
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model consists of four
layers through which data passes, and each layer has a set of protocols that serve its
function.

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