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TABLE 7-24: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH OUTPUTS

Output Purpose What the reader needs

Academic Adding knowledge that
Details of method, results, and limits.
article can be appraised.

Literature Stating the condition of A map of the evidence, the differences,
review knowledge. and the gaps.

Institutional Improving a decision or a A finding tied to a program or service

report process. and its indicators.

Supporting a policy or A key message, options, effects, and
Policy brief
administrative decision. implementation.

Executive The objective, the data, and the
A fast, checkable briefing.
summary conclusion on one page.

Directing the next The questions, the sources, the gaps,
Evidence map
research. and the relationships.

TABLE 7-25: CHECKING CLAIM, EVIDENCE, AND REASONING

Element The check question

Claim What is the specific sentence I am putting forward?

Evidence Which data or sources support it directly?

Reasoning Why does this evidence permit this conclusion?

Qualification What are the conditions, limits, or exceptions?

Counter-evidence What is the competing explanation or the contrary evidence?

Implication Which decision or question is affected?

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