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the value of a review comes from explaining the reason for a difference, not from hiding it
inside a general average.

FIGURE 7-5: THE EVIDENCE EXTRACTION CARD, FROM TEXT TO A TRACEABLE RECORD

What to notice: The card must separate the source data, its findings, its limits, and the

researcher’s judgment, and must record where the evidence sits so that the link to the
original text is never lost.
Source: Prepared by the author.

TABLE 7-15: LEVELS OF READING AND THE QUESTION EACH ANSWERS

Level The question

The study question What problem or hypothesis did the study test?

The method How were the data gathered and analyzed?

The finding What did the numbers or the themes show directly?

The authors’
How did the authors explain the finding?
interpretation

The researcher’s
What are the limits of confidence and of fit to our question?
appraisal

Its role in the synthesis How does this paper relate to the other sources?

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