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✕ Common misconception Correction

Separate relevance from quality from
Treating peer review as a guarantee of certainty. Peer review reduces some

quality, or weighting every study equally. errors; it does not equalize designs,
samples, or measures.

⚠ Warning: do not upload confidential material for screening
Do not upload unpublished manuscripts or participant data to a public tool for screening
or appraisal unless the ethical approval, the institutional policy, and the contract permit it.
Removing names alone may not prevent re-identification.

● Remember: Section summary
• Key idea: Every source needs two separate decisions: is it relevant, and how far do we
trust its findings?
• Practical decision: Use written criteria, staged screening, and an appraisal suited to the
design.

• Mistake to avoid: Equating peer review with quality, or treating all studies as carrying
equal weight.

7.5 Systematic Reading, Evidence Extraction, and Building a Literature Map

◆ Key idea: an evidence matrix preserves the origin of a claim.
A good summary is not enough to build a research argument. The researcher needs an
organized record that distinguishes what the source actually said, what its authors
inferred, what the reader judges, and where the information sits in the text. With that
structure, AI can speed up reading without erasing the origin of the evidence.

Research reading differs from ordinary linear reading. We do not always need to read every
paper from the first word to the last in the same order. We usually begin with a question:

why am I reading this source? Am I looking for a definition, a method, a finding, an
interpretation, a measurement instrument, or a limitation? Then we inspect the title, the
abstract, the tables, the figures, the results, and the discussion, returning to the details that

serve the question. Directed reading is not selective reading; it means that each source has
a function inside the evidence map.

It helps to separate five levels within a paper: the study question, the method, the direct
finding, the authors’ interpretation, and the reading researcher’s judgment. A study may

report that one group achieved a difference of a certain size; that is a finding. The authors
may explain the difference by a psychological mechanism; that is an interpretation requiring
further evidence. The researcher may consider that the measure does not capture the whole

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