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TABLE 7-18: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUMMARY, COMPARISON, AND SYNTHESIS

Level The central question A good output

A precise account of the source with
Summary What did this source say?
its limits.

How do the sources
A table showing agreement and
Comparison resemble and differ from
difference.
each other?

What picture does the A model or set of strands that
Synthesis
evidence build together? explains the body of evidence.

A conclusion bounded by a stated
Inference What can we conclude?
degree of confidence.

What should we do, and An option balancing evidence, values,
Recommendation
why? and cost.

TABLE 7-19: POSSIBLE REASONS WHY STUDY RESULTS DIFFER

Possible source of
The check question
difference

Population and
Do the ages, environments, or participant characteristics differ?
context

Was the concept measured with a different instrument or at a
Measurement
different time?

Intervention or
Is the intervention identical in dose and delivery?
exposure

Method Does the design permit the same inference?

Statistical uncertainty Is the study small or the estimate imprecise?

Bias Is there selectivity, attrition, or a conflict of interest?

Time Have the technology, the policy, or the circumstances changed?

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