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TABLE 7-7: BOOLEAN AND FIELD OPERATORS

Operator Function Example

Gathers synonyms and
OR AI OR “artificial intelligence”
alternatives.

AND Links two required concepts. education AND feedback

Excludes a term, to be used
NOT NOT may delete suitable results.
cautiously.

Quotation
Searches for a fixed phrase. “research integrity”
marks

Captures multiple word educat* where the database allows
Truncation
endings. it.

Restricts where the word
Field search Title or abstract only.
appears.

TABLE 7-8: A REPEATABLE SEARCH LOG
Query Database or site Date Results Notes

First version; high noise
A general scholarly
S1 2026-06-18 1240 because the term feedback is
index
broad.

Added formative assessment
S2 A specialist database 2026-06-18 286
to reduce irrelevant results.

Parallel Arabic search on the
S3 Arabic sources 2026-06-18 43
same two concepts.

Forward and backward from
S4 Citation chaining 2026-06-18 31
one pivotal study.

✕ Common misconception Correction

Use more than one route, test the query
Relying on one engine, one language, or
against known studies, and describe the
one phrasing and claiming
limits of your coverage instead of implying
comprehensiveness.
that you found everything.

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