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FIGURE 6-3: THE LADDER OF EXPLANATION AND SCAFFOLDING
What to notice: The explanation moves from knowing the starting point to a new application
and the learner explaining the idea. Each rung transfers a greater share of the mental work
to the learner.
Source: Prepared by the author, drawing on cognitive load theory [15].
TABLE 6-3: HOW THE EXPLANATION CHANGES WITH THE OBJECTIVE
Objective What the explanation focuses on What to avoid
Recognition and The central meaning and the Many definitions with no
first understanding essential vocabulary. relationship between them.
The causal relationships and why Steps memorized with no
Explanation
the step works. reason.
Changing the context while the An example that always
Application
principle stays fixed. matches exactly.
The criterion and the substantive A superficial comparison of
Comparison
difference. form.
Correcting a Simply announcing that an
Locating the error and its effect.
misconception answer is wrong.
Critique and The evidence, the assumptions, Presenting one opinion as
evaluation and the alternatives. fact.
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