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model does not hold to a consistent classification style despite many examples, tuning may
be appropriate. A system can use retrieval, LoRA, and good prompting together.

Structured Outputs and Model Routing
Asking for JSON is a formatting instruction, but it does not guarantee that the structure will

be valid. In systems that support structured outputs or schema validation, the fields, types,
and required values can be specified and checked automatically before the result is passed
on. Even so, the meaning of the values must be verified; a correct structure does not mean

correct content.

Model routing sends each task to a model or tool according to its characteristics: a small fast
model for routine classification, a stronger model for composite analysis, a search engine for
current facts, and a code tool for calculation. This raises efficiency, but it requires routing

rules, shared measures, and a fallback path when the classification fails.

● Remember: Section summary
• Key idea: The right intervention follows the cause of the failure.

• Practical decision: Test the smallest change that addresses the problem, then measure
its effect.
• Mistake to avoid: Using fine-tuning to add current information, or using retrieval to
repair an undefined task.

Video: What Is Retrieval-Augmented

Generation?
A visual explanation of connecting a model to
a current, citable content store instead of

relying only on what it learned during
training.

Duration: about 7 minutes | Level: Beginner

Learning objective: Distinguish the internal
memory of a model from an updatable
external source.

Source: IBM Technology [24].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-
D1OfcDW1M

Verified: June 6, 2026

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