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• Processing: It is the operations and procedures that are applied to data to obtain a
specific purpose (information). According to the previous example, the treatment that
was carried out was aimed at knowing the success rate in the language courses only
(Foreign Language 1 and Foreign Language 2), which dealt with Table No. 2, and
accordingly, it was known what procedures should be taken on the available data for
the students. Thus, the inputs to the processing process in the previous example are
Table No. 2, and the outputs resulting from the processing process are Table No. 3. In
order to identify the participating students and notify the guardian by telephone,
Table No. 2 of the students’ grades was dealt with, and only the grade of the foreign
language course 1 participant was deducted/ dealt with. In the competition, and on
the basis of it, the students’ grades were arranged in descending order to choose the
best of them, and the guardian’s phone number was called from Table No. 1 for these
students, to eventually form Table No. 4, which serves as a list of the students
participating in the competition and a statement of the guardian whom one would like
to contact. In databases, the one that performs processing operations is the Database
Management System (DBMS), which will be discussed in detail later.

• Database objects: Database objects are the structure or schema in which databases
are stored. They differ according to the database model used to store data or from
one database management system to another.

• Database models: It is the way in which data is organized according to its nature and
connection together. There are many images of database models, such as the
hierarchy model and the relational model, which is the most common and which we
will discuss in this training content.

• File: It is a group of records linked together and stored as a single unit.

for the previous example, the definition of databases is a large amount of data are
coordinated and arranged together according to their relationships together in reality,
which can be referred to or various operations performed on them, such as searching,
modifying, comparing, sorting, and arranging to extract information that were not
directly clear in the stored primary data. a database management system manages all
data storage and processing operations.

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