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TABLE 4-17: EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE SUPPORT AND NECESSARY ESCALATION

Domain Appropriate preliminary support Escalation or reference

Organizing general information, A health professional before any
Health drafting questions, non-diagnostic diagnosis, treatment, or

summarizing. consequential communication.

Summarizing a published text, A legal professional before a binding
Law comparing clauses, listing interpretation or a decision about

questions. rights.

Formatting or extracting stated
Employme A hiring officer and a fairness review
experience without sensitive
nt before exclusion or ranking.
attributes.

A teacher or an assessment
Generating practice questions or
Education committee before a grade or a
preliminary feedback.
penalty.

A researcher, a reviewer, and the
A concept map, search terms, or a
Research original source before a conclusion
preliminary summary.
or a citation.

A finance officer and a dual
Classifying documents or
Finance verification procedure before a
comparing scenarios.
transfer or an approval.

◇ Case study: when summarizing becomes an implicit ranking
This composite teaching case is provided for explanation and does not describe a specific

event.
Background: a university team used a tool to summarize applications for small grants.
The problem: the summaries gradually began to function as a ranking of applications
based on language and fluency.
The decision: the use was redesigned to extract only defined elements of the application,
with names hidden, every field checked against the text, and the tool prevented from
giving a score or a recommendation.
The result: the team saved administrative reading time without transferring academic
judgment to the system.
The lesson: redefine the role of a tool as soon as support begins to turn into decision.

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